Aeneid Book 1, lines 338-370

Dido’s story

by Virgil

Virgil’s Aeneas has landed on the coast near Carthage in North Africa as the city is being built by Dido, its Phoenician Queen, and is being told her story. The speaker appears to be a beautiful local huntress, but is actually the goddess Venus, Aeneas’s mother, in mortal disguise.

Aeneas is destined soon to begin a disastrous love affair with Dido which will have fatal consequences and lay the foundations for the deadly enmity in future centuries between Carthage and Rome. Agenor is a mythical Phoenician king.

The story of the ox-hide is that the Libyans offered to sell only as much land as could be bounded by one hide, in other words virtually none. The purchasers got round this by cutting the hide into extremely thin strips that could enclose large amounts of territory. “Byrsa” was the name of the Carthaginian citadel and “borsa” in Greek means an ox-hide.

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“Punica regna vides, Tyrios et Agenoris urbem;
sed fines Libyci, genus intractabile bello.
Imperium Dido Tyria regit urbe profecta,
germanum fugiens. longa est iniuria, longae
ambages; sed summa sequar fastigia rerum.
huic coniunx Sychaeus erat, ditissimus agri
Phoenicum, et magno miserae dilectus amore,
cui pater intactam dederat, primisque iugarat
ominibus. Sed regna Tyri germanus habebat
Pygmalion, scelere ante alios immanior omnes.
quos inter medius venit furor. Ille Sychaeum
impius ante aras, atque auri caecus amore,
clam ferro incautum superat, securus amorum
germanae; factumque diu celavit, et aegram,
multa malus simulans, vana spe lusit amantem.
ipsa sed in somnis inhumati venit imago
coniugis, ora modis attollens pallida miris,
crudeles aras traiectaque pectora ferro
nudavit, caecumque domus scelus omne retexit.
tum celerare fugam patriaque excedere suadet,
auxiliumque viae veteres tellure recludit
thesauros, ignotum argenti pondus et auri.
his commota fugam Dido sociosque parabat:
conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni
aut metus acer erat; navis, quae forte paratae,
corripiunt, onerantque auro: portantur avari
Pygmalionis opes pelago; dux femina facti.
devenere locos, ubi nunc ingentia cernis
moenia surgentemque novae Karthaginis arcem,
mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam,
taurino quantum possent circumdare tergo.
sed vos qui tandem, quibus aut venistis ab oris,
quove tenetis iter?”

“It is a Punic realm and Phoenicians that you see, a city of Agenor, on its borders are the Libyans, a people formidable in war. Dido rules here, and has fled from her brother and begun a Tyrian city. It is a long and complicated tale of injustice, but I will tell the main points. Her husband was Sychaeus, richest of the Phoenicians in land, dear to the poor woman by her great love for him. Her father gave her to him when a maid, and joined them under the best of auspices. But the ruler of Tyre was her brother Pygmalion, whose crimes made him the foulest of all men. Madness was at their core: sacrilegiously, blind with the love of gold, he secretly cut the unsuspecting Sychaeus down at the altars, regardless of his sister’s love. Wickedly, he long hid the deed with many pretences, and deceived the lovesick woman with vain hope. But her unburied husband’s ghost itself came to her in dreams and, lifting its strange, pale face, revealed the cruelty at the altar and the stab-wounds in its breast, and laid bare all the house’s hidden crime. It persuaded her to flee her homeland at once, and to help the journey revealed ancient buried treasures, uncountable weights of silver and gold. Shaken, Dido found companions for her escape. Men to whom the tyrant’s cruel hate or his fear were a danger banded together.  They took ships which happened to be in readiness and loaded them with gold, and, with a woman as leader, the riches that Pygmalion lusted for were put to sea. They came to this place where now you see the great walls and citadel of new Carthage rising, where they bought only so much land as they could ring with an ox’s hide, named Byrsa after the deed. Now, who are you, what shores have you come from and where are you going?”

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More Poems by Virgil

  1. Aeneas and Dido meet
  2. Charon, the ferryman
  3. Virgil’s poetic temple to Caesar
  4. Dido falls in love
  5. The farmer’s happy lot
  6. Anchises’s ghost invites Aeneas to visit the underworld
  7. The Trojans prepare to set sail from Carthage
  8. Sea-nymphs
  9. Juno’s anger
  10. The Aeneid begins
  11. How Aeneas will know the site of his city
  12. The Syrian hostess
  13. Aeneas is wounded
  14. The portals of sleep
  15. The death of Dido
  16. Turnus at bay
  17. New allies for Aeneas
  18. Aeneas arrives in Italy
  19. Turnus is lured away from battle
  20. Virgil’s perils on the sea
  21. The Harpy’s prophecy
  22. Vulcan’s forge
  23. The Trojans reach Carthage
  24. Aeneas’s vision of Augustus
  25. Aeneas learns the way to the underworld
  26. Juno throws open the gates of war
  27. The battle for Priam’s palace
  28. Mourning for Pallas
  29. Venus speaks
  30. Aeneas’s ships are transformed
  31. Signs of bad weather
  32. Fire strikes Aeneas’s fleet
  33. The death of Priam
  34. King Latinus grants the Trojans’ request
  35. Rites for the allies’ dead
  36. Dido’s release
  37. Aeneas’s oath
  38. Mercury’s journey to Carthage
  39. In King Latinus’s hall
  40. Aristaeus’s bees
  41. A Fury rouses Turnus to war
  42. Hector visits Aeneas in a dream
  43. The Fury Allecto blows the alarm
  44. Aeneas comes to the Hell of Tartarus
  45. Virgil predicts a forthcoming birth and a new golden age
  46. Rumour
  47. Palinurus the helmsman is lost
  48. Aeneas finds Dido among the shades
  49. Aeneas sees Marcellus, Augustus’s tragic heir
  50. The journey to Hades begins
  51. Aeneas prepares to tell Dido his story
  52. Help for Father Aeneas from Father Tiber
  53. Dido and Aeneas: Hell hath no fury …
  54. The death of Euryalus and Nisus
  55. Aeneas tours the site of Rome
  56. Aeneas saves his son and father, but at a cost
  57. Catastrophe for Rome?
  58. More from Virgil’s farming Utopia
  59. Cassandra is taken
  60. The farmer’s starry calendar
  61. Laocoon warns against the Trojan horse
  62. The death of Pallas
  63. The Trojan Horse enters the city
  64. Aeneas prepares for a hopeless fight
  65. Storm at sea!
  66. Juno is reconciled
  67. Aeneas reaches the Elysian Fields
  68. Love is the same for all
  69. Omens for Princess Lavinia
  70. What is this wooden horse?
  71. The boxers
  72. The Trojan horse opens
  73. Laocoon and the snakes
  74. Souls awaiting punishment in Tartarus, and the crimes that brought them there.
  75. Jupiter’s prophecy
  76. Helen in the darkness
  77. The infant Camilla
  78. Turnus the wolf
  79. Aeneas rescues his Father Anchises
  80. Into battle
  81. The natural history of bees
  82. Dido and Aeneas: royal hunt and royal affair
  83. Virgil begins the Georgics
  84. King Mezentius meets his match
  85. The death of Priam
  86. Aeneas joins the fray

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