Aeneid Book 12, lines 161 - 194

Aeneas’s oath

by Virgil

The Goddess Juno, Turnus’s patron and Aeneas’s enemy, has gone to great lengths to avoid a duel between the two to decide the outcome of the conflict between the Trojans and the Latins. Now, however, as the fortunes of war have turned against the Latins, it looks as though it is finally going to happen. At the duelling ground, Aeneas and King Latinus swear to abide by the outcome. Aeneas goes further, and swears that, if he wins, he will not treat the Italians as a conquered people, but will live harmoniously with them in a spirit of justice and equity. As we will see, the actions of others could be seen as freeing him from his oath, but Virgil’s Roman audience would know – or believe – that this was the course that history had indeed taken. In describing how the human conflicts and aspirations that give the Aeneid its theme will be resolved, this is an important part of the poem’s ending.

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Interea reges ingenti mole Latinus
quadriiugo vehitur curru (cui tempora circum
aurati bis sex radii fulgentia cingunt,
Solis avi specimen), bigis it Turnus in albis,
bina manu lato crispans hastilia ferro.
hinc pater Aeneas, Romanae stirpis origo,
sidereo flagrans clipeo et caelestibus armis
et iuxta Ascanius, magnae spes altera Romae,
procedunt castris, puraque in veste sacerdos
saetigeri fetum suis intonsamque bidentem
attulit admovitque pecus flagrantibus aris.
illi ad surgentem conversi lumina solem
dant fruges manibus salsas et tempora ferro
summa notant pecudum, paterisque altaria libant.
Tum pius Aeneas stricto sic ense precatur:
‘esto nunc Sol testis et haec mihi terra vocanti,
quam propter tantos potui perferre labores,
et pater omnipotens et tu Saturnia coniunx
(iam melior, iam, diva, precor), tuque inclute Mavors,
cuncta tuo qui bella, pater, sub numine torques;
fontisque fluviosque voco, quaeque aetheris alti
religio et quae caeruleo sunt numina ponto:
cesserit Ausonio si fors victoria Turno,
convenit Evandri victos discedere ad urbem,
cedet Iulus agris, nec post arma ulla rebelles
Aeneadae referent ferrove haec regna lacessent.
sin nostrum adnuerit nobis victoria Martem
(ut potius reor et potius di numine firment),
non ego nec Teucris Italos parere iubebo
nec mihi regna peto: paribus se legibus ambae
invictae gentes aeterna in foedera mittant.
sacra deosque dabo; socer arma Latinus habeto,
imperium sollemne socer; mihi moenia Teucri
constituent urbique dabit Lavinia nomen.’

The Kings come, Latinus borne in great state
in his four-horse car, shining temples girt with
twelve golden rays, token of his ancestor,
the Sun, Turnus with his white team, hand
gripping twin, broad-bladed spears. Father
Aeneas, fount of the Roman race, shining
with starry shield and heavenly arms,
by him Ascanius, other great hope of Rome,
come from the camp, the priest in spotless robes
brings the offspring of bristly pigs and an unshorn
sheep and takes the beasts to the blazing altars.
Gaze turned to the rising sun, they pour from their
hands the salted grain and mark the top of the beasts’
brows with the knife, pour libations on the altars from
the cups. Then, sword drawn, pious Aeneas prays:
“Let the Sun, and this land for which I was able
to bear such great troubles stand witness as I call,
and the almighty Father, and you, divine consort,
hence a kinder deity, I pray, and you, glorious Mars,
Father who hold all wars fast under your sway,
and I call on springs, rivers and whatever powers are
in the lofty sky and gods in the blue ocean:
should victory chance to fall to Ausonian Turnus,
it is agreed that the vanquished shall withdraw to
Evander’s city, Iulus leave these lands, nor will my
people take up rebellious arms or harm this realm
with steel. If victory grants our arms the cause,
as rather I believe, and may the authority of the Gods
confirm, I will not command Italians to obey the Trojans,
nor seek dominion myself: both peoples, undefeated,
shall combine under equal laws in an eternal compact.
I’ll give my gods and holy relics: as my father-in-law,
Let Latinus keep solemn authority and sway our arms:
the Trojans shall build my town, Lavinia give her name.

`

More Poems by Virgil

  1. Aeneas and Dido meet
  2. King Mezentius meets his match
  3. The farmer’s happy lot
  4. Venus speaks
  5. Jupiter’s prophecy
  6. The journey to Hades begins
  7. Palinurus the helmsman is lost
  8. Love is the same for all
  9. King Latinus grants the Trojans’ request
  10. What is this wooden horse?
  11. The Harpy’s prophecy
  12. Help for Father Aeneas from Father Tiber
  13. The Trojans prepare to set sail from Carthage
  14. The Fury Allecto blows the alarm
  15. Cassandra is taken
  16. Mercury’s journey to Carthage
  17. Aeneas prepares for a hopeless fight
  18. Catastrophe for Rome?
  19. The Trojan Horse enters the city
  20. The portals of sleep
  21. New allies for Aeneas
  22. Turnus at bay
  23. Dido and Aeneas: Hell hath no fury …
  24. Rites for the allies’ dead
  25. Aeneas rescues his Father Anchises
  26. Virgil begins the Georgics
  27. A Fury rouses Turnus to war
  28. Aeneas arrives in Italy
  29. Dido’s release
  30. Signs of bad weather
  31. Aeneas reaches the Elysian Fields
  32. Anchises’s ghost invites Aeneas to visit the underworld
  33. Rumour
  34. Aeneas’s vision of Augustus
  35. Into battle
  36. Aeneas saves his son and father, but at a cost
  37. The death of Euryalus and Nisus
  38. Aristaeus’s bees
  39. Virgil’s poetic temple to Caesar
  40. The farmer’s starry calendar
  41. Dido and Aeneas: royal hunt and royal affair
  42. The death of Priam
  43. The Aeneid begins
  44. Juno throws open the gates of war
  45. Aeneas learns the way to the underworld
  46. How Aeneas will know the site of his city
  47. Mourning for Pallas
  48. The death of Pallas
  49. The Trojan horse opens
  50. Aeneas is wounded
  51. The natural history of bees
  52. The boxers
  53. Laocoon and the snakes
  54. Turnus the wolf
  55. The Trojans reach Carthage
  56. More from Virgil’s farming Utopia
  57. Juno’s anger
  58. The death of Dido
  59. Aeneas comes to the Hell of Tartarus
  60. Aeneas finds Dido among the shades
  61. Vulcan’s forge
  62. The Syrian hostess
  63. Laocoon warns against the Trojan horse
  64. Souls awaiting punishment in Tartarus, and the crimes that brought them there.
  65. The battle for Priam’s palace
  66. In King Latinus’s hall
  67. Fire strikes Aeneas’s fleet
  68. Omens for Princess Lavinia
  69. Virgil’s perils on the sea
  70. Aeneas tours the site of Rome
  71. Aeneas joins the fray
  72. Aeneas’s ships are transformed
  73. The infant Camilla
  74. Helen in the darkness
  75. Turnus is lured away from battle
  76. Sea-nymphs
  77. Aeneas sees Marcellus, Augustus’s tragic heir
  78. Storm at sea!
  79. Virgil predicts a forthcoming birth and a new golden age
  80. Juno is reconciled
  81. The death of Priam
  82. Dido falls in love
  83. Aeneas prepares to tell Dido his story
  84. Hector visits Aeneas in a dream
  85. Dido’s story
  86. Charon, the ferryman