Georgics Book 4, lines 149 - 190

The natural history of bees

by Virgil

In the fourth book of the Georgics, Virgil turns to bees and beekeeping with this charming account of their way of life. The Curetes are ancient Cretans, who saved the new-born Jupiter from being devoured by Chronos, his father, spiriting him away under cover of their music and hiding him in a cave where the bees fed him on honey. Cecrops is the mythical first King of Athens – Attica, and Mount Hymettus especially, was famous for bees and honey.

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Nunc age, naturas apibus quas Iuppiter ipse
addidit, expediam, pro qua mercede canoros
Curetum sonitus crepitantiaque aera secutae
Dictaeo caeli regem pavere sub antro.
solae communes natos, consortia tecta
urbis habent magnisque agitant sub legibus aevum,
et patriam solae et certos novere penates,
venturaeque hiemis memores aestate laborem
experiuntur et in medium quaesita reponunt.
namque aliae victu invigilant et foedere pacto
exercentur agris; pars intra saepta domorum
Narcissi lacrimam et lentum de cortice gluten
prima favis ponunt fundamina, deinde tenaces
suspendunt ceras: aliae spem gentis adultos
educunt fetus, aliae purissima mella
stipant et liquido distendunt nectare cellas.
sunt quibus ad portas cecidit custodia sorti,
inque vicem speculantur aquas et nubila caeli
aut onera accipiunt venientum aut agmine facto
ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent.
fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella.
ac veluti lentis Cyclopes fulmina massis
cum properant, alii taurinis follibus auras
accipiunt redduntque, alii stridentia tingunt
aera lacu; gemit impositis incudibus Aetna;
illi inter sese magna vi bracchia tollunt
in numerum versantque tenaci forcipe ferrum:
non aliter, si parva licet componere magnis,
Cecropias innatus apes amor urget habendi,
munere quamque suo. Grandaevis oppida curae
et munire favos et daedala fingere tecta.
at fessae multa referunt se nocte minores,
crura thymo plenae; pascuntur et arbuta passim
et glaucas salices casiamque crocumque rubentem
et pinguem tiliam et ferrugineos hyacinthos.
omnibus una quies operum, labor omnibus unus:
mane ruunt portis; nusquam mora; rursus easdem
vesper ubi e pastu tandem decedere campis
admonuit, tum tecta petunt, tum corpora curant;
fit sonitus, mussantque oras et limina circum.
post, ubi iam thalamis se composuere, siletur
in noctem fessosque sopor suus occupat artus.

Come, I shall tell of the qualities that Jupiter himself gave to bees as reward when they followed the sweet music and clashing cymbals of the Curetes and fed the King of Heaven, hidden in a Cretan cave. Only they nurture their young in common, own the dwellings of their city communally, and pass their busy lives in thrall to mighty laws; only they recognise a homeland and household gods and, thinking of the coming of winter, work in summer as hard as can be, pooling the results. One group looks after provisions, and by unbreakable agreement is kept at work in the fields, while indoors another lays down narcissus-juice and sticky tree-bark glue as foundations for the honeycomb, on which they hang the strong beeswax: another brings up the growing young, hope of the race, while others press in honey, pure as pure, swelling the cells with liquid nectar. The lot of some is to guard the door, watch by turns for rain and clouds in the heavens, take what others bring home, or in battle order keep the idle herd of drones out of the hive. The strenuous work goes on, and the fragrant honey gives off a perfume of thyme. And as when Cyclopes are making thunderbolts from malleable iron, while some draw in and expel blasts of air from the bull-hide bellows and others quench the hissing bronze in the bosh, and Mount Etna groans as the anvils are mounted on the stands, another group swings arms in cadence with tremendous strength and turns the iron in the grip of tongs, just so, to compare small things with great, an innate love of possession drives on Cecrops’s bees, each through its duty. That of the old is looking after the hive, building the honeycomb and shaping the intricate dwelling, while the young make their tired way home in the dark after nightfall, legs laden with thyme: everywhere, they browse on arbutus, green willow, cassia, the saffron glow of crocus, the sticky linden tree and dusky hyacinths. All have the same rest from work, and all labour alike: at dawn they rush unhesitating from their gates; the same bees, when evening has warned them that it is finally time to cease feeding and leave the fields, make for home, tend to their bodily needs, and a murmur goes up as they hum around door and threshold. Afterwards, once they have settled in their chambers, there is silence deep into the night, and well-earned slumber pervades their limbs.

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More Poems by Virgil

  1. Mourning for Pallas
  2. Aeneas’s ships are transformed
  3. Mercury’s journey to Carthage
  4. Dido falls in love
  5. Venus speaks
  6. Jupiter’s prophecy
  7. Help for Father Aeneas from Father Tiber
  8. The death of Dido
  9. Charon, the ferryman
  10. Juno’s anger
  11. Dido and Aeneas: royal hunt and royal affair
  12. The Trojan horse opens
  13. A Fury rouses Turnus to war
  14. Aeneas and Dido meet
  15. New allies for Aeneas
  16. Catastrophe for Rome?
  17. In King Latinus’s hall
  18. Laocoon warns against the Trojan horse
  19. Laocoon and the snakes
  20. Aeneas arrives in Italy
  21. King Latinus grants the Trojans’ request
  22. The Syrian hostess
  23. The boxers
  24. Aeneas rescues his Father Anchises
  25. Virgil’s poetic temple to Caesar
  26. Cassandra is taken
  27. The death of Euryalus and Nisus
  28. The infant Camilla
  29. Aeneas learns the way to the underworld
  30. What is this wooden horse?
  31. How Aeneas will know the site of his city
  32. The Aeneid begins
  33. Storm at sea!
  34. Aeneas finds Dido among the shades
  35. The journey to Hades begins
  36. Fire strikes Aeneas’s fleet
  37. The farmer’s happy lot
  38. King Mezentius meets his match
  39. The death of Priam
  40. Virgil predicts a forthcoming birth and a new golden age
  41. Hector visits Aeneas in a dream
  42. The Trojans reach Carthage
  43. Juno is reconciled
  44. Dido’s story
  45. Turnus at bay
  46. Into battle
  47. The Trojans prepare to set sail from Carthage
  48. Aeneas prepares to tell Dido his story
  49. Dido and Aeneas: Hell hath no fury …
  50. Aeneas sees Marcellus, Augustus’s tragic heir
  51. Aristaeus’s bees
  52. Rumour
  53. The Harpy’s prophecy
  54. Dido’s release
  55. Vulcan’s forge
  56. Aeneas comes to the Hell of Tartarus
  57. More from Virgil’s farming Utopia
  58. The Trojan Horse enters the city
  59. Virgil’s perils on the sea
  60. The farmer’s starry calendar
  61. Helen in the darkness
  62. Turnus the wolf
  63. The Fury Allecto blows the alarm
  64. Omens for Princess Lavinia
  65. Sea-nymphs
  66. Turnus is lured away from battle
  67. The death of Pallas
  68. Aeneas’s vision of Augustus
  69. Palinurus the helmsman is lost
  70. Juno throws open the gates of war
  71. Aeneas prepares for a hopeless fight
  72. Anchises’s ghost invites Aeneas to visit the underworld
  73. Virgil begins the Georgics
  74. Signs of bad weather
  75. The death of Priam
  76. The battle for Priam’s palace
  77. Aeneas is wounded
  78. Rites for the allies’ dead
  79. Aeneas saves his son and father, but at a cost
  80. Love is the same for all
  81. Aeneas reaches the Elysian Fields
  82. Souls awaiting punishment in Tartarus, and the crimes that brought them there.
  83. Aeneas’s oath
  84. Aeneas joins the fray
  85. Aeneas tours the site of Rome
  86. The portals of sleep
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