Georgics Book 4, lines 149 - 190

The natural history of bees

by Virgil

In the fourth book of the Georgics, Virgil turns to bees and beekeeping with this charming account of their way of life. The Curetes are ancient Cretans, who saved the new-born Jupiter from being devoured by Chronos, his father, spiriting him away under cover of their music and hiding him in a cave where the bees fed him on honey. Cecrops is the mythical first King of Athens – Attica, and Mount Hymettus especially, was famous for bees and honey.

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Nunc age, naturas apibus quas Iuppiter ipse
addidit, expediam, pro qua mercede canoros
Curetum sonitus crepitantiaque aera secutae
Dictaeo caeli regem pavere sub antro.
solae communes natos, consortia tecta
urbis habent magnisque agitant sub legibus aevum,
et patriam solae et certos novere penates,
venturaeque hiemis memores aestate laborem
experiuntur et in medium quaesita reponunt.
namque aliae victu invigilant et foedere pacto
exercentur agris; pars intra saepta domorum
Narcissi lacrimam et lentum de cortice gluten
prima favis ponunt fundamina, deinde tenaces
suspendunt ceras: aliae spem gentis adultos
educunt fetus, aliae purissima mella
stipant et liquido distendunt nectare cellas.
sunt quibus ad portas cecidit custodia sorti,
inque vicem speculantur aquas et nubila caeli
aut onera accipiunt venientum aut agmine facto
ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent.
fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella.
ac veluti lentis Cyclopes fulmina massis
cum properant, alii taurinis follibus auras
accipiunt redduntque, alii stridentia tingunt
aera lacu; gemit impositis incudibus Aetna;
illi inter sese magna vi bracchia tollunt
in numerum versantque tenaci forcipe ferrum:
non aliter, si parva licet componere magnis,
Cecropias innatus apes amor urget habendi,
munere quamque suo. Grandaevis oppida curae
et munire favos et daedala fingere tecta.
at fessae multa referunt se nocte minores,
crura thymo plenae; pascuntur et arbuta passim
et glaucas salices casiamque crocumque rubentem
et pinguem tiliam et ferrugineos hyacinthos.
omnibus una quies operum, labor omnibus unus:
mane ruunt portis; nusquam mora; rursus easdem
vesper ubi e pastu tandem decedere campis
admonuit, tum tecta petunt, tum corpora curant;
fit sonitus, mussantque oras et limina circum.
post, ubi iam thalamis se composuere, siletur
in noctem fessosque sopor suus occupat artus.

Come, I shall tell of the qualities that Jupiter himself gave to bees as reward when they followed the sweet music and clashing cymbals of the Curetes and fed the King of Heaven, hidden in a Cretan cave. Only they nurture their young in common, own the dwellings of their city communally, and pass their busy lives in thrall to mighty laws; only they recognise a homeland and household gods and, thinking of the coming of winter, work in summer as hard as can be, pooling the results. One group looks after provisions, and by unbreakable agreement is kept at work in the fields, while indoors another lays down narcissus-juice and sticky tree-bark glue as foundations for the honeycomb, on which they hang the strong beeswax: another brings up the growing young, hope of the race, while others press in honey, pure as pure, swelling the cells with liquid nectar. The lot of some is to guard the door, watch by turns for rain and clouds in the heavens, take what others bring home, or in battle order keep the idle herd of drones out of the hive. The strenuous work goes on, and the fragrant honey gives off a perfume of thyme. And as when Cyclopes are making thunderbolts from malleable iron, while some draw in and expel blasts of air from the bull-hide bellows and others quench the hissing bronze in the bosh, and Mount Etna groans as the anvils are mounted on the stands, another group swings arms in cadence with tremendous strength and turns the iron in the grip of tongs, just so, to compare small things with great, an innate love of possession drives on Cecrops’s bees, each through its duty. That of the old is looking after the hive, building the honeycomb and shaping the intricate dwelling, while the young make their tired way home in the dark after nightfall, legs laden with thyme: everywhere, they browse on arbutus, green willow, cassia, the saffron glow of crocus, the sticky linden tree and dusky hyacinths. All have the same rest from work, and all labour alike: at dawn they rush unhesitating from their gates; the same bees, when evening has warned them that it is finally time to cease feeding and leave the fields, make for home, tend to their bodily needs, and a murmur goes up as they hum around door and threshold. Afterwards, once they have settled in their chambers, there is silence deep into the night, and well-earned slumber pervades their limbs.

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More Poems by Virgil

  1. Aristaeus’s bees
  2. Juno throws open the gates of war
  3. Rumour
  4. Fire strikes Aeneas’s fleet
  5. Mercury’s journey to Carthage
  6. Aeneas comes to the Hell of Tartarus
  7. The farmer’s starry calendar
  8. In King Latinus’s hall
  9. Charon, the ferryman
  10. A Fury rouses Turnus to war
  11. What is this wooden horse?
  12. The Trojan Horse enters the city
  13. Helen in the darkness
  14. Laocoon warns against the Trojan horse
  15. Vulcan’s forge
  16. Catastrophe for Rome?
  17. Dido and Aeneas: Hell hath no fury …
  18. The death of Priam
  19. More from Virgil’s farming Utopia
  20. Dido’s release
  21. Turnus is lured away from battle
  22. The journey to Hades begins
  23. Venus speaks
  24. Rites for the allies’ dead
  25. The farmer’s happy lot
  26. The infant Camilla
  27. Aeneas learns the way to the underworld
  28. The Aeneid begins
  29. Turnus at bay
  30. Aeneas and Dido meet
  31. Turnus the wolf
  32. Storm at sea!
  33. The death of Priam
  34. The death of Pallas
  35. King Latinus grants the Trojans’ request
  36. Signs of bad weather
  37. Cassandra is taken
  38. Love is the same for all
  39. Aeneas reaches the Elysian Fields
  40. Aeneas prepares to tell Dido his story
  41. Anchises’s ghost invites Aeneas to visit the underworld
  42. The battle for Priam’s palace
  43. Dido and Aeneas: royal hunt and royal affair
  44. Aeneas tours the site of Rome
  45. Help for Father Aeneas from Father Tiber
  46. The Syrian hostess
  47. Jupiter’s prophecy
  48. Aeneas rescues his Father Anchises
  49. Juno is reconciled
  50. Into battle
  51. The Trojan horse opens
  52. Omens for Princess Lavinia
  53. Aeneas saves his son and father, but at a cost
  54. Aeneas’s vision of Augustus
  55. Sea-nymphs
  56. Virgil predicts a forthcoming birth and a new golden age
  57. Aeneas’s oath
  58. The boxers
  59. Virgil’s perils on the sea
  60. The death of Euryalus and Nisus
  61. Aeneas arrives in Italy
  62. The Trojans prepare to set sail from Carthage
  63. Aeneas’s ships are transformed
  64. Hector visits Aeneas in a dream
  65. Aeneas joins the fray
  66. The Harpy’s prophecy
  67. Souls awaiting punishment in Tartarus, and the crimes that brought them there.
  68. Virgil’s poetic temple to Caesar
  69. The portals of sleep
  70. Palinurus the helmsman is lost
  71. The Trojans reach Carthage
  72. Dido’s story
  73. The death of Dido
  74. King Mezentius meets his match
  75. Laocoon and the snakes
  76. The Fury Allecto blows the alarm
  77. Aeneas sees Marcellus, Augustus’s tragic heir
  78. Dido falls in love
  79. Juno’s anger
  80. Aeneas prepares for a hopeless fight
  81. New allies for Aeneas
  82. Mourning for Pallas
  83. Aeneas is wounded
  84. Aeneas finds Dido among the shades
  85. How Aeneas will know the site of his city
  86. Virgil begins the Georgics
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