Georgics Book 4, lines 149 - 190

The natural history of bees

by Virgil

In the fourth book of the Georgics, Virgil turns to bees and beekeeping with this charming account of their way of life. The Curetes are ancient Cretans, who saved the new-born Jupiter from being devoured by Chronos, his father, spiriting him away under cover of their music and hiding him in a cave where the bees fed him on honey. Cecrops is the mythical first King of Athens – Attica, and Mount Hymettus especially, was famous for bees and honey.

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Nunc age, naturas apibus quas Iuppiter ipse
addidit, expediam, pro qua mercede canoros
Curetum sonitus crepitantiaque aera secutae
Dictaeo caeli regem pavere sub antro.
solae communes natos, consortia tecta
urbis habent magnisque agitant sub legibus aevum,
et patriam solae et certos novere penates,
venturaeque hiemis memores aestate laborem
experiuntur et in medium quaesita reponunt.
namque aliae victu invigilant et foedere pacto
exercentur agris; pars intra saepta domorum
Narcissi lacrimam et lentum de cortice gluten
prima favis ponunt fundamina, deinde tenaces
suspendunt ceras: aliae spem gentis adultos
educunt fetus, aliae purissima mella
stipant et liquido distendunt nectare cellas.
sunt quibus ad portas cecidit custodia sorti,
inque vicem speculantur aquas et nubila caeli
aut onera accipiunt venientum aut agmine facto
ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent.
fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella.
ac veluti lentis Cyclopes fulmina massis
cum properant, alii taurinis follibus auras
accipiunt redduntque, alii stridentia tingunt
aera lacu; gemit impositis incudibus Aetna;
illi inter sese magna vi bracchia tollunt
in numerum versantque tenaci forcipe ferrum:
non aliter, si parva licet componere magnis,
Cecropias innatus apes amor urget habendi,
munere quamque suo. Grandaevis oppida curae
et munire favos et daedala fingere tecta.
at fessae multa referunt se nocte minores,
crura thymo plenae; pascuntur et arbuta passim
et glaucas salices casiamque crocumque rubentem
et pinguem tiliam et ferrugineos hyacinthos.
omnibus una quies operum, labor omnibus unus:
mane ruunt portis; nusquam mora; rursus easdem
vesper ubi e pastu tandem decedere campis
admonuit, tum tecta petunt, tum corpora curant;
fit sonitus, mussantque oras et limina circum.
post, ubi iam thalamis se composuere, siletur
in noctem fessosque sopor suus occupat artus.

Come, I shall tell of the qualities that Jupiter himself gave to bees as reward when they followed the sweet music and clashing cymbals of the Curetes and fed the King of Heaven, hidden in a Cretan cave. Only they nurture their young in common, own the dwellings of their city communally, and pass their busy lives in thrall to mighty laws; only they recognise a homeland and household gods and, thinking of the coming of winter, work in summer as hard as can be, pooling the results. One group looks after provisions, and by unbreakable agreement is kept at work in the fields, while indoors another lays down narcissus-juice and sticky tree-bark glue as foundations for the honeycomb, on which they hang the strong beeswax: another brings up the growing young, hope of the race, while others press in honey, pure as pure, swelling the cells with liquid nectar. The lot of some is to guard the door, watch by turns for rain and clouds in the heavens, take what others bring home, or in battle order keep the idle herd of drones out of the hive. The strenuous work goes on, and the fragrant honey gives off a perfume of thyme. And as when Cyclopes are making thunderbolts from malleable iron, while some draw in and expel blasts of air from the bull-hide bellows and others quench the hissing bronze in the bosh, and Mount Etna groans as the anvils are mounted on the stands, another group swings arms in cadence with tremendous strength and turns the iron in the grip of tongs, just so, to compare small things with great, an innate love of possession drives on Cecrops’s bees, each through its duty. That of the old is looking after the hive, building the honeycomb and shaping the intricate dwelling, while the young make their tired way home in the dark after nightfall, legs laden with thyme: everywhere, they browse on arbutus, green willow, cassia, the saffron glow of crocus, the sticky linden tree and dusky hyacinths. All have the same rest from work, and all labour alike: at dawn they rush unhesitating from their gates; the same bees, when evening has warned them that it is finally time to cease feeding and leave the fields, make for home, tend to their bodily needs, and a murmur goes up as they hum around door and threshold. Afterwards, once they have settled in their chambers, there is silence deep into the night, and well-earned slumber pervades their limbs.

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More Poems by Virgil

  1. Aeneas comes to the Hell of Tartarus
  2. Virgil begins the Georgics
  3. Aristaeus’s bees
  4. Laocoon warns against the Trojan horse
  5. Aeneas learns the way to the underworld
  6. Souls awaiting punishment in Tartarus, and the crimes that brought them there.
  7. Rumour
  8. The battle for Priam’s palace
  9. Dido and Aeneas: royal hunt and royal affair
  10. A Fury rouses Turnus to war
  11. The Trojans reach Carthage
  12. Dido and Aeneas: Hell hath no fury …
  13. Aeneas’s oath
  14. Virgil predicts a forthcoming birth and a new golden age
  15. Palinurus the helmsman is lost
  16. New allies for Aeneas
  17. Aeneas’s vision of Augustus
  18. The Aeneid begins
  19. The death of Pallas
  20. The Harpy’s prophecy
  21. The infant Camilla
  22. More from Virgil’s farming Utopia
  23. Aeneas reaches the Elysian Fields
  24. Aeneas’s ships are transformed
  25. The Trojans prepare to set sail from Carthage
  26. How Aeneas will know the site of his city
  27. In King Latinus’s hall
  28. The Trojan horse opens
  29. Rites for the allies’ dead
  30. Hector visits Aeneas in a dream
  31. King Mezentius meets his match
  32. Mercury’s journey to Carthage
  33. Charon, the ferryman
  34. Catastrophe for Rome?
  35. Virgil’s perils on the sea
  36. Sea-nymphs
  37. Juno is reconciled
  38. Aeneas prepares for a hopeless fight
  39. Storm at sea!
  40. Turnus is lured away from battle
  41. What is this wooden horse?
  42. Dido’s release
  43. Mourning for Pallas
  44. Fire strikes Aeneas’s fleet
  45. Virgil’s poetic temple to Caesar
  46. Vulcan’s forge
  47. Aeneas arrives in Italy
  48. Love is the same for all
  49. The Syrian hostess
  50. Omens for Princess Lavinia
  51. Aeneas rescues his Father Anchises
  52. Cassandra is taken
  53. Aeneas saves his son and father, but at a cost
  54. Aeneas finds Dido among the shades
  55. Signs of bad weather
  56. The death of Priam
  57. Dido’s story
  58. Turnus at bay
  59. The journey to Hades begins
  60. The Fury Allecto blows the alarm
  61. Juno throws open the gates of war
  62. Turnus the wolf
  63. The Trojan Horse enters the city
  64. The boxers
  65. The death of Priam
  66. The portals of sleep
  67. Aeneas sees Marcellus, Augustus’s tragic heir
  68. Dido falls in love
  69. Jupiter’s prophecy
  70. Aeneas tours the site of Rome
  71. Aeneas prepares to tell Dido his story
  72. Juno’s anger
  73. Help for Father Aeneas from Father Tiber
  74. The farmer’s happy lot
  75. Aeneas joins the fray
  76. Aeneas and Dido meet
  77. Anchises’s ghost invites Aeneas to visit the underworld
  78. King Latinus grants the Trojans’ request
  79. The farmer’s starry calendar
  80. Venus speaks
  81. Into battle
  82. Aeneas is wounded
  83. Laocoon and the snakes
  84. The death of Dido
  85. Helen in the darkness
  86. The death of Euryalus and Nisus
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