What is this poem about? The image of the ship is surely not to be taken literally, so what does it stand for: the ship of state, as in so many poems, ancient and modern? But the generally accepted date of appearance of the first three books of Horace’s Odes is 24 or 23 BCE, by which time civil wars were over and the Emperor Augustus had Rome and its possessions firmly under his control, so implying that they were at risk might seem rather tactless. There have been various suggestions, including that the ship is either Horace’s poetic talent, or a love affair going through a stormy phase. The answer is that we don’t know, but the most likely solution is surely that this is a “ship-of-State” poem written in earlier and more dangerous times, before the turning point of Octavian/Augustus’s victory at the Battle of Actium in 30 BCE, and the deaths of Mark Antony and Cleopatra which followed. Perhaps Horace made this clear in the way he presented his new Odes to his public, or perhaps members of his audience were more likely than we might imagine to recognise that this was a historical reference and not a contemporary one. Whatever the truth may be, the poem is certainly a rousing performance: the language is rousing and vivid, often spilling over the line-breaks, and this and Horace’s artful use of metre carry the sense along in imitation of the rolling of the storm, with three long syllables at the start of each line evoking the swell of a pounding sea.
You can find links to all of the poems by Horace that feature on Pantheon Poets here.
Metre: third Asclepiad.
See the illustrated blog post here.
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