This Ode deals with a well-precedented subject. The idea that the good life involves avoiding luxury, and contentment with moderation and simple country living, goes back to Horace’s ancient Greek lyric models and was echoed by contemporaries including Lucretius, the Epicurean philosopher-naturalist, and Vergil in his Georgic poems on agriculture. That said, Horace makes it his own, here and elsewhere in the Odes, and it sits well with his consistent presentation of himself as settled, unassuming but proudly fulfilled by his art as a poet, and devoted to the Emperor Augustus and his minister Maecenas, the patron who gave him his Sabine farm.
The metre is one that Horace uses only here: ancient sources suggest that Alcaeus, perhaps his favourite Greek model, may have used it, but no example has survived: there is only one other, obscure, example of it in Latin poetry. The even rhythm, and the presence of a pronounced caesura or break after the fifth syllable in each longer line, lend it a chanting, sing-song character. It is called Hipponactaean, consisting (in case you are a metrical buff) of couplets with a catalectic trochaic dimeter followed by a catalectic iambic trimeter.
A few references: Attalus, King of Pergamon, unexpectedly turned out to have bequeathed his kingdom to Rome when he died in 133 BC; Spartan purple cloth was a prestige product (though there is something a bit odd about the text here); Baiae was Rome’s rich man’s seaside resort; jumping boundaries was a serious transgression, and every Roman encountering this poem would know that Romulus killed his twin, Remus, for doing it; Tantalus is a mythical figure with a rich provenance, but his significance here is that his punishment in Hades was always to be desiring what was out of his reach; Prometheus was the Titan who took fire from the Gods and gave it to man, and Charon is the ferryman who takes dead souls across the Styx to the underworld – and makes sure they can’t go back.
I acknowledge the help given by Stephen Harrison’s Cambridge edition of Odes 2 in presenting this poem: he often makes good suggestions for translating Horace’s turns of phrase, and I have followed several of them.
See the illustrated blog post here.
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